TYPE: Natural History Note
First photographic evidence of Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin (Sousa chinensis Osbeck, 1765) from the tidal river Rupnarayan, in Bardhhman district, West Bengal, India
Dona George¹
, Gargi Roy Chowdhury¹, Kanad Roy¹, Pranay Bhatnagar¹, Shovana Ray¹, Qamar Qureshi¹ & Vishnupriya Kolipakam¹ ²*
¹Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 248001, India.
²Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
RECEIVED 16 January 2025
ACCEPTED 21 March 2025
ONLINE EARLY 27 March 2025
Keywords: Climate change, coastal habitats, dolphins, marine mammal, riverine ecosystems
Sousa chinensis (Osbeck, 1765) of the genus Sousa (subfamily Delphininae) also known as the Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin (IPHD from hereon), is classified as ‘Vulnerable’ (VU) according to the IUCN Red List (Jefferson et al. 2017). This species is protected under Appendix I of (Conservation of International Trade of Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna (CITES) and is also listed in Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS). Jefferson et al. (2014) discovered four species of Sousa in their taxonomic analysis of humpback dolphins, with the IPHD being distinct from the other species.
IPHD is found in the coastal waters of the eastern and western Indian Ocean, as well as in the northwestern, southwestern, and western central Pacific oceans (Jefferson et al.,2017). These dolphins have been observed throughout the Indian coastline (Blandford 1888–91; Lydekker 1903, 1908; Lal Mohan, 1982, 1983; Pillai & Kasinathan 1988; Parsons 1998; Kumarran 2002; Sutaria & Jefferson 2004; Afzal et al. 2008; Muralidharan 2013; Sule et al., 2015; Panicker & Sutaria 2013; Sutaria 2009; Jefferson & Smith, 2016). On the western coast of India, most sightings are concentrated along the Malabar shoreline in Kerala (Pilleri & Gihr 1974; Leatherwood & Reeves 1989; Lal Mohan 1995). Observations and specimens have been documented along the coast of Andhra Pradesh, and Saurashtra and Surat in Gujarat (Owen 1866; Leatherwood & Reeves 1989; Pilleri & Gihr 1972; Sutaria et al., 2015; Kumaran, 2002; Sathasivam, 2000). Pilleri & Gihr (1972, 1974) reported the sightings of humpbacked dolphins further north in Pakistan and the Indus Delta. These dolphins are known to venture several kilometers upstream in rivers, particularly in China, including the Yangtze and Pearl Rivers (Wang & Sun 1982; Parsons et al.,1995). However, reports from the midwestern coast of India are comparatively scarce. These dolphins have been reported to occupy a variety of habitats in coastal areas, including estuaries (Parsons, 1998; Muralidharan, 2013; Ross et al.,1994), mangrove islands (Cagnazzi et al., 2011; Durham 1994), enclosed bays (Karczmarski et al., 1999; Chen et al., 2009), and shallow rocky reefs (Karczmarski et al., 2000), and often enter rivers (Singh, 2003). Sousa chinensis prefers shallow inshore waters ranging from a minimum of ~1 m to a maximum of 21-30 m depth (Ross et al., 1994; Sutaria & Jefferson, 2004).
As part of the rangewide river dolphin estimation project, the Wildlife Institute of India surveyed river dolphins from December 2022 to March 2023 in the tidal river Rupnarayan, a tributary of the Hooghly river in West Bengal. The Rupnarayan river in West Bengal experiences substantial tidal effects over its entire course. During the survey, the team recorded sightings of IPHD with its calf in Panshuili village (22.5973480 N, 87.8518510 E), where the Rupnarayan and Mundeswari rivers meet, on March 3, 2024 at approximately 09:50 h IST (Figure 1 & 2). The width, depth, and salinity of the site were determined to be 270 meters, 2.8 meters, and 1 ppt, respectively. The sighting was approximately 130 km from the mouth of the Bay of Bengal and no IPHD has been recorded in a tidal river upstream, at this distance, globally.
Figure 1. Location of the Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin sighting in the Rupnarayan river (March 2024)
Figure 2. Photographs of Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin with calf, as recorded in Rupnarayan river (March, 2024)
Tidal rivers are vulnerable ecosystems that act as transitional zones where freshwater and saltwater converge. Marine mammals may be driven to specific areas to seek out alternative habitats depending on changes in water quality, temperature, or habitat availability. Their presence, behavior, and population dynamics can reflect the overall condition of the ecosystem, including water quality and habitat integrity (Wang et al. 2019). Observations of IPHD in this tidal river—more than 100 kilometers from the mouth of the bay—highlight the importance of these intermediate habitats between freshwater and marine environments. This situation prompts us to consider the implications of changing riverine salinity and the persistence of intermediate habitats in light of climate change. A more detailed study is required to understand whether encounters with IPHD are a regular occurrence. There is an immediate need to identify such zones for awareness and capacity building in case of stranding or entanglement. These observations are also crucial for the sustainable management of aquatic ecosystems as a unified entity (both freshwater and marine), serving as a reminder to assess our preparedness for emerging challenges.
Acknowledgement
The authors acknowledge the support received from National CAMPA and Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change for funding the project.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
Qamar Qureshi & Vishnupriya Kolipakam are both academic editors at the Journal of Wildlife Science. However, they did not participate in the peer review process of this article except as authors. The authors declare no other conflict of interest.
DATA AVAILABILITY
No additional data was used in this research.
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTION
DG, GRC, KR, PB contributed to fieldwork. DG prepared the first draft. GRC, VK, QQ, SR provided inputs on the draft.
Edited By
Bilal Habib
Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India.
*CORRESPONDENCE
Vishnupriya Kolipakam
✉vishnupriya@wii.gov.in
CITATION
George, D., Chowdhury, G. R., Roy, K., Bhatnagar, P., Ray, S., Qureshi, Q. & Kolipakam, V. (2025), First photographic evidence of Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin (Sousa chinensis (Osbeck, 1765)) from tidal river Rupnarayan, in Bardhhman district, West Bengal, India. Journal of Wildlife Science, Online Early Publication, 01- 04.
https://doi.org/10.63033/JWLS.WCCA6033
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 George, Chowdhury, Roy, Bhatnagar, Ray, Qureshi & Kolipakam. This is an open-access article, immediately and freely available to read, download, and share. The information contained in this article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0
), allowing for unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited in accordance with accepted academic practice. Copyright is retained by the author(s).
PUBLISHED BY
Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 248 001 INDIA
PUBLISHER'S NOTE
The Publisher, Journal of Wildlife Science or Editors cannot be held responsible for any errors or consequences arising from the use of the information contained in this article. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organisations or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated or used in this article or claim made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Afsal, V. V., Yousuf, K. S. S. M., Anoop, B., Kannan, P., Rajagopalan, M. & Vivekanandan, E. (2008). A note on cetacean distribution in the Indian EEZ and contiguous seas during 2003-07. Journal of Cetacean Research Management, 10(3), 209–16. https://doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.v10i3.637
Blanford, W. T. (1888). The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Taylor and Francis, London. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.48423
Cagnazzi, D. D. B., Harrison, P. L., Ross, G. J. B. & Lynch, P. 2011. Abundance and site fidelity of Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins in the Great Sandy Strait, Queensland, Australia. Marine Mammal Science, 27(2), 255-281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00296.x
Chen, B., Zheng, D., Yang, G., Xu, X. & Zhou, K. (2009). Distribution and conservation of the Indo–Pacific humpback dolphin in China. Integrative Zoology, 4(1), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-4877.2009.00160.x
Durham, B. (1994). The distribution and abundance of the Humpback Dolphin (Sousa chinensis) along the Natal coast, South Africa. Diss. Thesis, University of Natal.
Jefferson, T. A., & Rosenbaum, H. C. (2014). Taxonomic revision of the humpback dolphins (Sousa spp.), and description of a new species from Australia. Marine Mammal Science, 30(4), 1494-1541. https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12152
Jefferson, T. A., Smith, B. D., 2016. Re-assessment of the conservation status of the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) using the IUCN Red List criteria. Advances in Marine Biology, 73, (in press). https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.amb.2015.04.002
Jefferson, T. A., Smith, B. D., Braulik, G. T. & Perrin, W. (2017). Sousa chinensis (errata version published in 2018). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T82031425A123794774. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T82031425A50372332.en (Accessed on 24 March 2025)
Karczmarski, L., Winter, P. E. D., Cockcorft, V. G. & McLachlan. A. 1999. Population analyses of Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins Sousa chinensis in Algoa Bay, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Marine Mammal Science, 15 (4), 1115-1123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00880.x
Karczmarski, L., Cockcroft, V. G. & McLachlan, A. 2000. Habitat use and preferences of Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins Sousa chinensis in Algoa Bay, South Africa. Marine Mammal Science, 16(1), 65-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2000.tb00904.x
Pillai. S. & Kasinathan, C. (1988). Report on two dolphins washed ashore near Mandappam. Central Marine Fisheries Information Service, Technical and Extension Series, 88, 21.
Kumaran, P. L. (2002). Marine mammal research in India: A review and critique of methods. Current Science, 83, 1210–1220.
Kumaran, P. L. (2002). Marine mammal research in India: A review and critique of methods. Current Science 83, 1210–1220.
Lal Mohan, R. S. (1995). Age determination of dolphins entangled in gill nets along the Kerala coast. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 92, 77-80.
Leatherwood, S. & Reeves, R. R. (1989). Marine mammal research and conservation in Sri Lanka, 1985–1986. UNEP.
Lydekker, R. (1903). On two dolphins from Madras. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 15, 408–414.
Lydekker, R. (1908). On an Indian dolphin and porpoise. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908, 802–808. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1908.00802.x
Lal Mohan, R. S. (1982). A note on the fetuses of the dolphin Tursiops truncatus and Sousa plumbea from the Southwest coast of India. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 29, 249–252.
Lal Mohan, R. S. (1983). On a Humpback Dolphin Sousa chinensis in captivity. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 29, 160–161.
Muralidharan, R. (2013). Sightings and behavioral observations of IndoPacific Humpback Dolphins Sousa chinensis (Osbeck, 1765) along Chennai coast, Bay of Bengal. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 5(15), 5002–5006. https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3454.5002-6
Owen, R. (1866). On some Indian cetacea collected by Walter Elliot, Esq. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 6, 17-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1866.tb00570.x
Panicker, D. & Sutaria, D. 2013. Developing with dolphins: ecological and anthropogenic factors affecting estuary use and behaviour of humpback dolphins in the southwest coast of India: Report submitted to Rufford Foundation, UK.
Parsons, E. C. M., Felley, M. L. & Porter, L. J. 1995. An annotated checklist of cetaceans recorded from Hong Kong’s territorial waters. Asian Marine Biology, 12, 79–100.
Parsons, E. C. M. (1998). Observations of Indo-Pacific Humpbacked Dolphins, Sousa chinensis, from Goa, Western India. Marine Mammal Science, 14, 166–170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00702.x
Pilleri, G. & Gihr, M. (1972). Contribution to the knowledge of the cetaceans of Pakistan with particular reference to the genera Neomeris, Sousa, Delphinus and Tursiops and description of a new Chinese porpoise (Neomeris asiaorientalis). In: G. Pilleri (eds.), Investigations on cetacea. Institute of Brain Anatomy, University of Berne. Berne, Switzerland. Volume 4, pp.107-162.
Pilleri, G. & Gihr, M. (1974). Contribution to the knowledge of the cetaceans of southwest and monsoon Asia (Persian Gulf, Indus Delta, Malabar, Andaman Sea and Gulf of Siam). In: G. Pilleri (eds.), Investigations on cetacea. Institute of Brain Anatomy, University of Berne. Berne, Switzerland. Volume 5, pp.95-150.
Ross, G. J. B., Heinsohn, G. E. & Cockcroft, V. G. (1994). Humpback Dolphins Sousa chinensis (Osbeck, 1765), Sousa plumbea (G. Cuvier, 1829) & Sousa teuszii (Kukenthal, 1892). Handbook of Marine Mammals 5, 23–42.
Sathasivam, K. (2000). A catalogue of Indian marine mammal records. Blackbuck, 16, 23-74.
Singh, H. S. (2003). Marine protected areas in India. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 32(3), 226–233.
Sule, M., Jog, K., Bopardikar, I., Patankar, V. & Sutaria, D. 2015. Cetaceans of the Sindhudurg coast: Report submitted to the Government of India, GoI-GEF-UNDP Sindhudurg Project.
Sutaria, D. (2009). Species conservation in a complex socio-ecological system: Irrawaddy Dolphins, Orcaella brevirostris in Chilika Lagoon, India (Doctoral dissertation), James Cook University.
Sutaria, D. & Jefferson, T. A. (2004). Records of Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins (Sousa chinensis Osbeck, 1765) along the coasts of India and Sri Lanka: An overview. Aquatic mammals, 30(1), 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1578/AM.30.1.2004.125
Sutaria, D., Panicker, D., Jog, K., Sule, M., Muralidharan, R. & Bopardikar, I. (2015). Humpback dolphins (Genus Sousa) in India: an overview of status and conservation issues. Advances in Marine biology, 72, 229-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.amb.2015.08.006
Wang, P. & Sun, J. Y. 1982. Studies on the Zhonghua white dolphin, Sousa chinensis from the South China Sea. Transactions of Liaoning Zoological Society, 3, 67–74 (in Chinese).
Wang, Z. T., Akamatsu, T., Nowacek, D. P., Yuan, J., Zhou, L., Lei, P. Y., Li, J., Duan, P. X., Wang, K. X. & Wang, D. (2019). Soundscape of an Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) hotspot before windfarm construction in the Pearl River Estuary, China: Do dolphin engage in noise avoidance and passive eavesdropping behavior? Marine pollution bulletin, 140, 509-522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.013
Edited By
Bilal Habib
Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India.
*CORRESPONDENCE
Vishnupriya Kolipakam
✉vishnupriya@wii.gov.in
CITATION
George, D., Chowdhury, G. R., Roy, K., Bhatnagar, P., Ray, S., Qureshi, Q. & Kolipakam, V. (2025), First photographic evidence of Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin (Sousa chinensis (Osbeck, 1765)) from tidal river Rupnarayan, in Bardhhman district, West Bengal, India. Journal of Wildlife Science, Online Early Publication, 01-04.
https://doi.org/10.63033/JWLS.WCCA6033
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 George, Chowdhury, Roy, Bhatnagar, Ray, Qureshi & Kolipakam. This is an open-access article, immediately and freely available to read, download, and share. The information contained in this article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), allowing for unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited in accordance with accepted academic practice. Copyright is retained by the author(s).
PUBLISHED BY
Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 248 001 INDIA
PUBLISHER'S NOTE
The Publisher, Journal of Wildlife Science or Editors cannot be held responsible for any errors or consequences arising from the use of the information contained in this article. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organisations or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated or used in this article or claim made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Afsal, V. V., Yousuf, K. S. S. M., Anoop, B., Kannan, P., Rajagopalan, M. & Vivekanandan, E. (2008). A note on cetacean distribution in the Indian EEZ and contiguous seas during 2003-07. Journal of Cetacean Research Management, 10(3), 209–16. https://doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.v10i3.637
Blanford, W. T. (1888). The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Taylor and Francis, London. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.48423
Cagnazzi, D. D. B., Harrison, P. L., Ross, G. J. B. & Lynch, P. 2011. Abundance and site fidelity of Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins in the Great Sandy Strait, Queensland, Australia. Marine Mammal Science, 27(2), 255-281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00296.x
Chen, B., Zheng, D., Yang, G., Xu, X. & Zhou, K. (2009). Distribution and conservation of the Indo–Pacific humpback dolphin in China. Integrative Zoology, 4(1), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-4877.2009.00160.x
Durham, B. (1994). The distribution and abundance of the Humpback Dolphin (Sousa chinensis) along the Natal coast, South Africa. Diss. Thesis, University of Natal.
Jefferson, T. A., & Rosenbaum, H. C. (2014). Taxonomic revision of the humpback dolphins (Sousa spp.), and description of a new species from Australia. Marine Mammal Science, 30(4), 1494-1541. https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12152
Jefferson, T. A., Smith, B. D., 2016. Re-assessment of the conservation status of the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) using the IUCN Red List criteria. Advances in Marine Biology, 73, (in press). https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.amb.2015.04.002
Jefferson, T. A., Smith, B. D., Braulik, G. T. & Perrin, W. (2017). Sousa chinensis (errata version published in 2018). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T82031425A123794774. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T82031425A50372332.en (Accessed on 24 March 2025)
Karczmarski, L., Winter, P. E. D., Cockcorft, V. G. & McLachlan. A. 1999. Population analyses of Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins Sousa chinensis in Algoa Bay, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Marine Mammal Science, 15 (4), 1115-1123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00880.x
Karczmarski, L., Cockcroft, V. G. & McLachlan, A. 2000. Habitat use and preferences of Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins Sousa chinensis in Algoa Bay, South Africa. Marine Mammal Science, 16(1), 65-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2000.tb00904.x
Pillai. S. & Kasinathan, C. (1988). Report on two dolphins washed ashore near Mandappam. Central Marine Fisheries Information Service, Technical and Extension Series, 88, 21.
Kumaran, P. L. (2002). Marine mammal research in India: A review and critique of methods. Current Science, 83, 1210–1220.
Kumaran, P. L. (2002). Marine mammal research in India: A review and critique of methods. Current Science 83, 1210–1220.
Lal Mohan, R. S. (1995). Age determination of dolphins entangled in gill nets along the Kerala coast. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 92, 77-80.
Leatherwood, S. & Reeves, R. R. (1989). Marine mammal research and conservation in Sri Lanka, 1985–1986. UNEP.
Lydekker, R. (1903). On two dolphins from Madras. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 15, 408–414.
Lydekker, R. (1908). On an Indian dolphin and porpoise. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908, 802–808. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1908.00802.x
Lal Mohan, R. S. (1982). A note on the fetuses of the dolphin Tursiops truncatus and Sousa plumbea from the Southwest coast of India. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 29, 249–252.
Lal Mohan, R. S. (1983). On a Humpback Dolphin Sousa chinensis in captivity. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 29, 160–161.
Muralidharan, R. (2013). Sightings and behavioral observations of IndoPacific Humpback Dolphins Sousa chinensis (Osbeck, 1765) along Chennai coast, Bay of Bengal. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 5(15), 5002–5006. https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3454.5002-6
Owen, R. (1866). On some Indian cetacea collected by Walter Elliot, Esq. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 6, 17-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1866.tb00570.x
Panicker, D. & Sutaria, D. 2013. Developing with dolphins: ecological and anthropogenic factors affecting estuary use and behaviour of humpback dolphins in the southwest coast of India: Report submitted to Rufford Foundation, UK.
Parsons, E. C. M., Felley, M. L. & Porter, L. J. 1995. An annotated checklist of cetaceans recorded from Hong Kong’s territorial waters. Asian Marine Biology, 12, 79–100.
Parsons, E. C. M. (1998). Observations of Indo-Pacific Humpbacked Dolphins, Sousa chinensis, from Goa, Western India. Marine Mammal Science, 14, 166–170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00702.x
Pilleri, G. & Gihr, M. (1972). Contribution to the knowledge of the cetaceans of Pakistan with particular reference to the genera Neomeris, Sousa, Delphinus and Tursiops and description of a new Chinese porpoise (Neomeris asiaorientalis). In: G. Pilleri (eds.), Investigations on cetacea. Institute of Brain Anatomy, University of Berne. Berne, Switzerland. Volume 4, pp.107-162.
Pilleri, G. & Gihr, M. (1974). Contribution to the knowledge of the cetaceans of southwest and monsoon Asia (Persian Gulf, Indus Delta, Malabar, Andaman Sea and Gulf of Siam). In: G. Pilleri (eds.), Investigations on cetacea. Institute of Brain Anatomy, University of Berne. Berne, Switzerland. Volume 5, pp.95-150.
Ross, G. J. B., Heinsohn, G. E. & Cockcroft, V. G. (1994). Humpback Dolphins Sousa chinensis (Osbeck, 1765), Sousa plumbea (G. Cuvier, 1829) & Sousa teuszii (Kukenthal, 1892). Handbook of Marine Mammals 5, 23–42.
Sathasivam, K. (2000). A catalogue of Indian marine mammal records. Blackbuck, 16, 23-74.
Singh, H. S. (2003). Marine protected areas in India. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 32(3), 226–233.
Sule, M., Jog, K., Bopardikar, I., Patankar, V. & Sutaria, D. 2015. Cetaceans of the Sindhudurg coast: Report submitted to the Government of India, GoI-GEF-UNDP Sindhudurg Project.
Sutaria, D. (2009). Species conservation in a complex socio-ecological system: Irrawaddy Dolphins, Orcaella brevirostris in Chilika Lagoon, India (Doctoral dissertation), James Cook University.
Sutaria, D. & Jefferson, T. A. (2004). Records of Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins (Sousa chinensis Osbeck, 1765) along the coasts of India and Sri Lanka: An overview. Aquatic mammals, 30(1), 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1578/AM.30.1.2004.125
Sutaria, D., Panicker, D., Jog, K., Sule, M., Muralidharan, R. & Bopardikar, I. (2015). Humpback dolphins (Genus Sousa) in India: an overview of status and conservation issues. Advances in Marine biology, 72, 229-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.amb.2015.08.006
Wang, P. & Sun, J. Y. 1982. Studies on the Zhonghua white dolphin, Sousa chinensis from the South China Sea. Transactions of Liaoning Zoological Society, 3, 67–74 (in Chinese).
Wang, Z. T., Akamatsu, T., Nowacek, D. P., Yuan, J., Zhou, L., Lei, P. Y., Li, J., Duan, P. X., Wang, K. X. & Wang, D. (2019). Soundscape of an Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) hotspot before windfarm construction in the Pearl River Estuary, China: Do dolphin engage in noise avoidance and passive eavesdropping behavior? Marine pollution bulletin, 140, 509-522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.013
